Infertile Exclusions Countering Race-Based Hyperfertility Narratives Online

Main Article Content

Laura McCann

Abstract

Women of color are more likely to experience infertility compared to white women. Despite this likelihood, infertility continues to be associated with whiteness. This study examines the historical and modern influences of the hyperfertility narrative, a pervasive master narrative linking race and reproduction. Studying Instagram posts about infertility and race, McCann argues that women of color have had to fight for their very inclusion within infertility identities, illustrating the continued rhetorical salience that dominant narratives of race and reproductive enforce within support-seeking environments like Instagram. Specifically, this study demonstrates how WOCr rhetors counter hyperfertility by co-constructing
new counternarratives that frame experiences of infertility through experiences with race and racism. These counternarratives involve three empowerment strategies: witnessing, visual counterstorying, and attribution. By studying how marginalized rhetors counter hyperfertility narratives, the study illustrates a kind of invitational knowledge-building that occurs within histories of race and reproduction. Overall, this work pushes scholars and practitioners in reproductive care to acknowledge how racial identities, and perhaps personhood itself, is de/valued around and through reproductive abilities.

Article Details

Section
Research Articles

References

References

Abbey, Antonia., Andrews, Frank M., & Halman, L. Jill (1991). Gender’s role in responses to infertility. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1991.tb00798.x

Abbey, Antonia, Andrews, Frank M., & Halman, L. Jill (1992). Infertility and subjective well-being: The mediating roles of self-esteem, internal control, and interpersonal conflict. Journal of Marriage and Family, 54(2), 408–417. https://doi.org/10.2307/353072

Bauman, Richard, & Briggs, Charles L. (1990). Poetics and performance as critical perspectives on language and social life. Annual Review of Anthropology, 1, 59–88.

Bell, Ann V. (2009). “It’s way out of my league”: Low-income women’s experiences of medicalized infertility. Gender & Society, 23(5), 688–709. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243209343708

Bell, Ann V. (2014). Misconception: Social class and infertility in America. Rutgers University Press.

Bitler, M arianne, & Schmidt, Lucie (2006). Health disparities and infertility: Impacts of state-level insurance mandates. Fertility and Sterility, 85(4), 858–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.11.038

Bonhomme, Edna (2020, August 16). How the myth of Black hyper-fertility harms us. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/8/16/how-the-myth-of-black-hyper-fertility-harms-us/

Bridges, Khiara M. (2011). Reproducing race: An ethnography of pregnancy as a site of racialization. University of California Press.

Butler, Judith (1993). Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of “sex.” Routledge.

Ceballo, Rosario, Abbey, Antonia, & Schooler, Deborah (2010). Perceptions of women’s infertility: What do physicians see? Fertility and Sterility, 93(4), 1066–1073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.11.019

Ceballo, Rosario, Graham, Erin T., & Hart, Jamie (2015). Silent and infertile: An intersectional analysis of the experiences of socioeconomically diverse African American women with infertility. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39(4), 497–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684315581169

Chandra, Anjani, Copen, Casey E., & Stephen, Elizabeth H. (2013). Infertility and Impaired Fecundity in the United States, 1982–2010: Data From the National Survey of Family Growth. National Health Statistics Reports, (67), 1-18.

Chávez, Karma R. (2011). Counter-public enclaves and understanding the function of rhetoric in social movement coalition-building. Communication Quarterly, 59(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2010.541333

Cohen, Sheldon, & Wills, Thomas A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310

Cooper Owens, Deirdre (2017). Medical bondage: Race, gender, and the origins of American gynecology. University of Georgia Press.

Culley, Lorraine, Hudson, Nicky, & Van Rooij, Floor. (2013). Marginalized reproduction ethnicity, infertility and reproductive technologies. http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9781849771931

Daniluk, Judith C., & Tench, Elizabeth (2007). Long-term adjustment of infertile couples following unsuccessful medical intervention. Journal of Counseling & Development, 85(1), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00448.x

Davis, Dána-Ain (2019). Reproductive injustice: Racism, pregnancy, and premature birth. NYU Press.

Davis, Dána-Ain (2020). Reproducing while Black: The crisis of Black maternal health, obstetric racism and assisted reproductive technology. Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online, 11, 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbms.2020.10.001

Dingo, Rebecca (2013). Networking the macro and micro: Toward transnational literacy practices. JAC, 33(3/4), 529–552.

Dunham, Lena (2020). False labor: Giving up on motherhood. Harper’s Magazine, December 2020. https://harpers.org/archive/2020/12/false-labor-lena-dunham-fertility/

Enoch, Jessica (2005). Survival stories: Feminist historiographic approaches to Chicana rhetorics of sterilization abuse. Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 35(3), 27.

Fairclough, Norman (2003). Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research. Routledge.

Fixmer-Oraiz, Natalie (2019). Homeland maternity: US security culture and the new reproductive regime. University of Illinois Press.

Flores, Lisa A. (2020). Deportable and disposable: Public rhetoric and the making of the “illegal” immigrant. Penn State Press.

Georgakopoulou, Alexandra. (2007). Small stories, interaction, and identities. John Benjamins Pub. Co.

Gutiérrez, Elena R. (2008). Fertile matters the politics of Mexican-origin women’s reproduction. University of Texas Press.

Harper, Kimberly. (2021a). The ethos of black motherhood in America: Only white women get pregnant. Lexington Books.

Harper, Kimberly (2021b). Implicit bias, visual rhetoric, and Black maternal health: Understanding the real risk factor. In Rohini Bannerjee & Karim Mukhida (Eds.), From band-aids to scalpels: motherhood experiences in/of medicine. Demeter Press.

Hill, Shirley A. (2009). Cultural images and the health of African American women. Gender & Society, 23(6), 733–746. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243209346308

Hoberman, John M. (2012). Black and blue: The origins and consequences of medical racism. University of California Press.

hooks, bell. (2014). Talking back: Thinking feminist, thinking Black (New edition). Routledge.

Ibrahim, Yetunde , & Zore, Temeka (2020). The pervasive issue of racism and its impact on infertility patients: What can we do as reproductive endocrinologists? Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 37(7), 1563–1565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-020-01863-x

Inhorn, M. C., Ceballo, R., & Nachtigall, R. (2009). Marginalized, invisible and unwanted: American minority struggles with infertility and assisted conception. In Lorraine Culley, Nicky Hudson, & Floor Van Rooij (Eds.), Marginalized reproduction ethnicity, infertility and reproductive technologies Routledge. http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9781849771931

Jackson-Bey, Tia, Morris, Jerrine, Jasper, Elizabeth, Velez Edwards, Digna R., Thornton, Kim, Richard-Davis, Gloria, & Plowden, Torie C. (2021). Systematic review of racial and ethnic disparities in reproductive endocrinology and infertility: Where do we stand today? F&S Reviews, 2(3), 169–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xfnr.2021.05.001

Jackson-Bey, Tia Morris, Jerrine, & Plowden, Torie C. (2020). Systemic racism exists in reproductive endocrinology and infertility: We are part of the problem. Fertility and Sterility Dialog. http://www.fertstertdialog.com/posts/systemic-racism-exists-in-reproductive-endocrinology-and-infertility-we-are-part-of-the-problem

Jain, Tarun (2006). Socioeconomic and racial disparities among infertility patients seeking care. Fertility and Sterility, 85(4), 876–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.1338

Jarvis, Caitlyn M. (2021). Invitational rhetoric in epistemic practice: Invitational knowledge in infertility support groups. Rhetoric of Health & Medicine, 4(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.5744/rhm.2021.1002

Jensen, Robin E. (2016). Infertility: Tracing the history of a transformative term. University of Pennsylvania State University Press.

Johnson, Bethany L., Quinlan, Margaret M., & Pope, Nathan. (2020). “Sticky baby dust” and emoji: Social support on Instagram during in vitro fertilization. Rhetoric of Health & Medicine, 3(3), 320–349. https://doi.org/10.5744/rhm.2020.1017

Johnson, Bethany, Quinlan, Margaret M., & Pope, Nathan. (2019). #ttc on Instagram: A multimodal discourse analysis of the treatment experience of patients pursuing in vitro fertilization. Qualitative Research in Medicine and Healthcare, 3(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.4081/qrmh.2019.7875

Jones, Natasha N. (2017). Rhetorical narratives of Black entrepreneurs: The business of race, agency, and cultural empowerment. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 31(3), 319–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1050651917695540

Koerber, Amy (2018). From hysteria to hormones: A rhetorical history. Pennsylvania State University Press.

Kress, Gunther R., & Van Leeuwen, Theo (2001). Multimodal discourse: The modes and media of contemporary communication. Arnold.

Lee, Mihan (2017). Don’t give up! A cyber-ethnography and discourse analysis of an online infertility patient forum. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 41(3), 341–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-016-9515-6

Martinez, Aja Y. (2020). Counterstory: The rhetoric and writing of critical race theory. Conference on College Composition and Communication.

Martins, Mariana V., Peterson, Brennan D., Almeida, Vasco M., & Costa, Maria E. (2011). Direct and indirect effects of perceived social support on women’s infertility-related stress. Human Reproduction, 26(8), 2113–2121. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der157

Missmer, Stacey, Seifer, David, & Jain, Tarun. (2011). Cultural factors contributing to health care disparities among patients with infertility in Midwestern United States. Fertility and Sterility, 95, 1943–1949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.02.039

Molloy, Cathryn, Meloncon, Lisa, & Scott, J. Blake (2020). Response to Racial Injustice. Rhetoricians of Health and Medicine. http://medicalrhetoric.com/rhms-racial-injustice-response/

Nelson, Chad M. (2015). Resisting whiteness: Mexican American studies and rhetorical struggles for visibility. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 8(1), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2015.991080

Novotny, Maria, De Hertogh, Lori Beth, Arduser, Lora, Hannah, Mark A., Harper, Kimberly, Pigg, Stacey., Rysdam, Sheri, Smyser-Fauble, Barbi, Stone, Melissa, & Yam, Sharon S. (2022). Amplifying rhetorics of reproductive justice within rhetorics of health and medicine. Rhetoric of Health & Medicine, 5(4), 374–402. https://doi.org/10.5744/rhm.2022.5020

Novotny, Maria, & Givhan, Juliette. (2020). “You Google infertility and you don’t see me”: Towards an intersectional framework resisting the rhetorical slippages of reproductive activism. In Allison D. Carr & Laura R. Micciche (Eds.), Failure pedagogies: Learning and unlearning what it means to fail. Peter Lang.

Novotny, Maria, & De Hertogh, Lori Beth. (2019). Rhetorics of self-disclosure: A feminist framework for infertility activism. In Women’s Health Advocacy. Routledge.

Oliver, Kelly (2001). Witnessing: Beyond recognition. U of Minnesota Press.

Page, Ruth (2018). Narratives online shared stories in social media. Cambridge University Press. https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/narratives-online-shared-stories-in-social-media(30890b08-034c-422e-ac25-eff4eb6ca54a)/export.html

Page, Ruth, Harper, Richard, & Frobenius, Maximiliane . (2013). From small stories to networked narrative: The evolution of personal narratives in Facebook status updates. Narrative Inquiry, 23(1), 192–213. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.23.1.10pag

Pearce, Katy E., Donohoe, Dana, Barta, Kristen, & Vitak, Jessica. (2022). Online social support for infertility in Azerbaijan. New Media & Society, 14614448221097946. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221097946

Peterson, Brennan D., Newton, Christopher R., Rosen, Karen H., & Schulman, Robert S. (2006). Coping processes of couples experiencing infertility. Family Relations, 55(2), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2006.00372.x

Quinlan, Margaret M., & Johnson, Bethany. (2018). Fictional film and television representations of (in)fertility diagnosis, treatment and outcomes: Restitution narratives and the ‘faulted female body’ myth. Health and New Media Research, 2(1), 3–34.

RESOLVE: The National Infertility Association. (n.d.). https://resolve.org/

Roberts, Dorothy E. (1997). Killing the black body: Race, reproduction, and the meaning of liberty (1st ed.). Pantheon Books.

Rowe, Aimee C. (2008). Power lines: On the subject of feminist alliances. Duke University Press.

Slauson-Blevins, Kathleen S., McQuillan, Julia, & Greil, Arthur L. (2013). Online and in-person health-seeking for infertility. Social Science & Medicine, 99, 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.10.019

Solorzano, Daniel G., & Bernal, Dolores D. (2001). Examining transformational resistance through a critical race and latcrit theory framework: Chicana and Chicano students in an urban context. Urban Education, 36(3), 308–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085901363002

Sudhinaraset, Amy, Pan, Deyu, Alexander, Carolyn, & Khorram, Omid. (2014). Inequalities in infertility service utilization: A comparison of Latina and Caucasian women with impaired fecundity who seek and do not seek care. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 7(5), 90-104.

Washington, Harriet A. (1998, June). Infertility crisis defies stereotypes. Emerge, 9(8), 30.

Washington, Harriet A. (2006). Medical apartheid: The dark history of medical experimentation on Black Americans from colonial times to the present. Doubleday.

Wellons, Melissa F., Lewis, Cora E., Schwartz, Stephen M., Gunderson, Erica P., Schreiner, Pamela J., Sternfeld, Barbara, Richman, Josh, Sites, Cynthia K., & Siscovick, David S. (2008). Racial differences in self-reported infertility and risk factors for infertility in a cohort of Black and White women: The CARDIA women’s study. Fertility and Sterility, 90(5), 1640–1648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.09.056